Pre-production

What is pre-production?

Pre-production is the planning which is done before the production takes place. It helps you understand what will need to be completed within the production and gives a summary to those within the production team.  Pre-production contains; a brainstorm, a crew list, a call sheet, a list of props, a risk assessment, a recce/location, a script, legal and moral issues, a mood board, a proposal, primary and secondary research. Each of these planning steps helps by making the work of the production team easier.

Brainstorm:  This is a way for a group or an individual to get together and produce ideas or their project. It is a creative technique which allows people to freely think of ideas outside the box and move into new ideas whilst they are in the process. It also helps to create the conclusion in which the discussion will be able to finalise their thoughts.

Crew list: A crew list contains the crews (that will be taking part) full name and form of contact so that other crew members have an easier way to contact others if needed. It also allows others to know who they will be working with.

Call sheet: A call sheet programmed by the assistant director. It is given to the crew and cast to allow them to know where and when they must be at the location they will be shooting at and who will need to attend at that located time.

List of props: Props are objects that will be used on set by actors during the production or on stage. Props can be anything such as, scenery, costumes, items and electrical equipment.

Risk assessment: Risk assessments are a formal format which allows you to analyse what potential risks may take place and helps you avoid falling under any hazards which could potentially damage what has taken place already.

Recce/location: The term recce is used in the media industry (film productions, Television production, and radio) and is used to help the crew visit the locations they will be shooting in and determine whether the locations is suitable for their production and helps them to whilst they are location scouting.

Script: A script is written text for films and plays containing stage directions and dialogues. This is included in plays ad filming to help the characters have a clear view of what they will be acting out contains and helps the scenes flow smoothly as they are not improvised and all characters know when they are queued to be on stage/set.

Legal and moral: When it comes down to the legal and moral issues within the media industry. It depends on what your product is and where they will be airing their product. For example, if a Cbeebies were going to try creating a new TV show for children who watch Cbeebies they will have to pitch it to one another and make sure the content inside is suitable for children who are their target audience.

Legal and ethical issues. ... Laws are in place to restrict journalists from reporting things which may damage or harm other people or organisations. Ethics means doing what is ethically and morally right, regardless of what the law might say. - http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zyt282p/revision/2

Mood board: A mood board contains pieces of materials and images to project to other people what the production may look like and sell it to who they may be pitching to. Although mood boards seem to be easy they do take some time to create. You mst make sure that what you are trying to portray is clear. You do not necessarily need to explain what is going on with text on the mood board. But yu yourself need to know what each part portrays so that you can easily explan it to those who may not understand the full extent of what you are pitching.

Proposal: A proposal shows your client that you know what needs to be included within your production and to show them your targets that will be reached by the end of the production.

Primary/Secondary research: Primary research is research done by you or the company that you’ve hired to complete the assignment whether it’s done by a focus group, survey, questionnaire, observations and experiments. What is found within primary research can be either quantitative data (statistics, numerals) or qualitative data (reasons and opinions from the public). Primary research is beneficial as you are in control of the quality and the specific needs that you are researching for. Although primary research is simple and puts you in control there are many key disadvantages such as; it usually cost more than secondary research and takes longer to find information. Secondary research is done by someone else. It can also be either quantitative or qualitative data, it’s cheaper and quick. However, the research may be too old to be counted in your research therefore it isn’t reliable and it also isn’t specific to your needs.

Financial considerations

Pay by Experience for a Film/TV Producer has a positive trend. An entry-level Film/TV Producer with less than 5 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤31,000 based on 55 salaries provided by anonymous users. Average total compensation includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay. A Film/TV Producer with mid-career experience which includes employees with 5 to 10 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤36,000 based on 38 salaries. An experienced Film/TV Producer which includes employees with 10 to 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤51,000 based on 22 salaries. A Film/TV Producer with late-career experience which includes employees with greater than 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤55,000 based on 9 salaries.

https://www.payscale.com/research/UK/Job=Film%2FTV_Producer/Salary

Pay by Experience for a Journalist has a positive trend. An entry-level Journalist with less than 5 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of £21,000 based on 158 salaries provided by anonymous users. Average total compensation includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay. A Journalist with mid-career experience which includes employees with 5 to 10 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of £25,000 based on 62 salaries. An experienced Journalist which includes employees with 10 to 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of £32,000 based on 39 salaries. A Journalist with late-career experience which includes employees with greater than 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of £36,000 based on 28 salaries.

https://www.payscale.com/research/UK/Job=Journalist/Salary

Pay by Experience for a Photographer has a positive trend. An entry-level Photographer with less than 5 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤20,000 based on 129 salaries provided by anonymous users. Average total compensation includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay. A Photographer with mid-career experience which includes employees with 5 to 10 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤22,000 based on 81 salaries. An experienced Photographer which includes employees with 10 to 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤30,000 based on 30 salaries. A Photographer with late-career experience which includes employees with greater than 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of ₤30,000 based on 16 salaries.

https://www.payscale.com/research/UK/Job=Photographer/Salary

Adobe creative cloud

Adobe creative cloud is a well-known common way for people within businesses or education or even alone to get software’s for their PCs and MACs, these software’s include, illustrator, Photoshop, premiere, Lightroom, Dreamweaver and InDesign.

For individuals:

Individuals	Annual - monthly	Annual - prepaid	Monthly
Photographers	£10.10 pm	£120.64	-
Single app	£20.22 pm	£241.43	£30.34 pm
All apps	£50.57 pm	£603.78	£75.85 pm
All apps + Stock	£74.56 pm	-	-

For businesses:

	All apps	Single App
Business	£59.00 pm	£25.28 pm

For schools and universities:

Schools and universities	All apps	Single App
Per named-user license	£29.49 pm	£12.84 pm
Per device license	£252.96 per year	£131.904 per year

Funding:

Different companies get their funding for their productions in many different ways for example, The BFI institute which is an organisation for films in the UK receive a wide range of support from the lottery which helps with their funding for documentaries, production, development, completion, and international co-production. However, the BBC is a public service broadcaster with no commercials within intervals therefore they earn their funding from taxes from the public which helps towards their films, TV programmes, radio stations, and theatre. Channel 4 which is also a national production aired in the UK is publicly-owned and includes commercials. They earn their funding through commercials that are shown during intervals as they advertise different companies and targeting their target audiences.

Time management:

Time management is an important part which will need to be documented for the use of the production. It is essential as there is always a budget for productions. For example; if I was to create a song within a music studio and had the budget of £150 for my production and the payment for the studio is £50 per hour, I will make sure that I use the studio for only 3 hours. This is because if I go over the time limit I may be forced to go over my budget and pay more than I originally wanted to pay.

Facilities:

To create a media production, you will need to be able to have equipment which will help you complete the production and you will also need software facilities to create your final product. For example, the equipment needed for a music video is;

·         Digital camcorders

·         Digital stills cameras

·         Tripods

·         Digital audio recording equipment

·         Audio playback equipment

·         Video playback equipment

This will be handy for the camera crew to be able to make the music video visuals for the audience to see. Software applications needed for a music video includes;

·         Final cut pro

·         Logics pro X

·         Ableton Live

·         Pro tools

This will allow you to edit your music video allowing it to have the best audio and visuals to be appealing to the audience.

Locations:

It refers to a pre-filming visit to a location to determine its suitability for shooting, including access to necessary facilities and assessment of any potential lighting or sound issues, and is closely related to location scouting. The term 'recce' is also used in radio and TV production. A Location manager needs to research, identify and organise access to appropriate sites. As well as arranging and negotiating site use, the role usually includes managing sites throughout the shooting process.

Codes of practice:

A model release form is a legal document between you, the photographer and the person or the person who owns the property you're photographing). It is the written form of their permission allowing you to publish their image on your website, blog, and marketing materials. A model release is a formal, dated and signed document that determines the conditions for granting an individual's image for commercial use. We advise that photographers use an industry standard model release form to capture all necessary rights.

OFCOM: Ofcom has wide-ranging powers across the television, radio, telecoms and postal sectors. It has a statutory duty to represent the interests of citizens and consumers by promoting competition and protecting the public from harmful or offensive material.

BBFC: The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), previously the British Board of Film Censors, is a non-governmental organization, founded by the film industry in 1912 and responsible for the national classification and censorship of films exhibited at cinemas and video works (such as television programmes, trailers, adverts, public Information/campaigning films, menus, bonus content etc.) released on physical media within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and, to a lesser extent, some video games under the Video Recordings Act 1984.

BECTU:  BECTU is the trade union supporting UK staff and freelancers working in the media and entertainment sectors. We play an important role in representing and promoting the best interests of the industry's workforce – in broadcasting, film, independent production, theatre, the arts, digital media and allied areas.

Commissioning process

The commissioning process

A director who occupies a key position in upper management works as a major figurehead in an organisation, typically overseeing and managing all functions in a specific area or department. He or she plans and implements department strategies and also takes part in the company’s overall strategic decisions and ensures that his or her allotted department(s) are working in accordance with such goals

Directors are appointed in a vast variety of industries and as leaders of a number of departments and functions including communications, IT, art and creative services, finance and accounting, advertising, medicine, sales, education, production and branding, among others

Typical salaries for this position vary from industry to industry. Jobholders in an IT department generally make around £80,000 per year, whilst those at the head of creative departments typically see a figure of around £70,000 a year. Financial department heads can command from around £40,000 a year to more than £100,000 annually, whilst those heading sales are likely to see figures in a similar range, though the average is significantly higher.

https://www.jobisjob.co.uk/director/job-description

Producers play an integral role in the television, film and video industries. In this role you will oversee each project from conception to completion and may also be involved in the marketing and distribution process.

You'll work closely with directors and other production staff on a shoot. Increasingly, you'll also need to have directing skills to take charge of all project operations. You'll arrange funding for each project and keep the production within the allocated budget.

Responsibilities

As a television/film/video producer, you'll need to:

•raise funding

•read, research and assess ideas and finished scripts

•commission writers or secure the rights to novels, plays or screenplays

•build and develop a network of contacts

•liaise and discuss projects with financial backers - projects can range from a small, corporate video costing £500 to a multimillion-pound-budget Hollywood feature film

•use computer software packages for screenwriting, budgeting and scheduling

•hire key staff, including a director and a crew to shoot programmes, films or videos

•control the budget and allocate resources

•pull together all the strands of creative and practical talent involved in the project to create a team

•maintain contemporary technical skills

•organise shooting schedules - dependent on the type of producer role and availability of support staff

•troubleshoot

•ensure compliance with relevant regulations, codes of practice and health and safety laws

•supervise the progress of the project from production to post production

•hold regular meetings with the director to discuss characters and scenes

•act as a sounding board for the director

•bring the finished production in on budget.

Salary

•Starting salaries for assistant producers may range from around £18,000 to £25,000.

•With experience, salaries can reach £40,000 to £55,000.

•Departmental heads can earn £60,000 to £80,000, plus benefits.

Fees for freelance producers vary considerably, depending on experience and whether you work on TV factual or dramas, or on feature films. For advice on pay guidelines for freelancers see the Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union (BECTU).

Salaries will also differ depending on the size of the company and the size and scale of the project. Salaried, permanent jobs with companies are becoming fewer, which may lead to financial insecurity. Employment is regularly offered on a self-employed or freelance-contract basis.

https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/television-film-video-producer

The screenwriter is the writer of the script of a film. They create the dialogue, the characters and the storyline of a movie script. The screenwriter is often the most essential person in film production because no movie can start without some form of a script.

Like television writers, screenwriters often specialize in a particular genre. Comedy writers write comedy; drama writers write drama, science fiction writers write sci-fi and so on and so on.

A literary agent is an agent who represents writers and their written works to publishers, theatrical producers, film producers and film studios, and assists in the sale and deal negotiation of the same. Literary agents most often represent novelists, screenwriters and non-fiction writers. They are paid a fixed percentage of the proceeds of sales they negotiate on behalf of their clients.

The ideal candidate will have a sound understanding of the broadcasting industry and output across the whole of the BBC and its competition as well as excellent knowledge of the BBC’s editorial and commissioning processes. You will have thorough knowledge of editorial guidelines, BBC strategy and regulations relevant to programme making e.g. artists’ rights, copyright and insurance requirements.

http://careerssearch.bbc.co.uk/jobs/job/commissioning-editor-television/7108

Commissioning editor:

The majority of commissioning editors begin their careers as editorial assistants, progressing through the ranks once they’ve gained relevant skills and experience.

Commissioning editors are employed by commercial book publishers and professional/academic publishers. Freelance work may be an option for editors with substantial experience.

Responsibilities of the job include:

·         negotiating agreements/contracts with literary agents/authors

·         planning, organising and monitoring the progress of projects

·         undertaking market research/investigating market trends

·         reading, evaluating and commissioning titles

·         liaison with authors, literary agents, marketing and production staff including designers and printers

·         supervising the work of editorial staff

·         attending book fairs

·         Writing reports.

Budgetary constraints, tight deadlines and long hours can make the work stressful at times.

Typical employers of commissioning editors

Commissioning editors are typically employed by publishing houses and academic publishers. Many jobs receive little advertising and, as a result, those that are advertised attract intense competition. Networking, job shadowing and speculative applications are essential. Part-time and temporary jobs can often lead to permanent work.

Vacancies are advertised in newspapers and publications such as The Bookseller and Print Week. Recruitment agencies also advertise opportunities.

Qualifications and training required

Although you don’t technically need a degree to become a commissioning editor, it will be helpful in your application and career path; entry into the profession without a degree is unusual.

A large number of editors are English graduates but any degree discipline is acceptable for entry into the profession. An MA in publishing, specialist knowledge or a science/languages background may be required for some opportunities. Several years of publishing, copy-writing, editing, journalism or media sales pre-entry experience are essential.

To find out how to get into a career in this area via a school leaver route, visit the media section of target careers, our website aimed at school leavers.

Key skills for commissioning editors

·         Enthusiasm

·         Adaptable

·         Able to work well under pressure

·         Capable of meeting deadlines

·         IT skills

·         Administrative skills

·         Verbal and written communication skills

https://targetjobs.co.uk/careers-advice/job-descriptions/279021-commissioning-editor-job-description

The average salary for a Writer is £22,432 per year. Most people move on to other jobs if they have more than 10 years' experience in this field.

Shot list

SHOT LIST

Program: Documentary

Director: Blessing Anakambi	Camera Person: Hosai Zazai /Abdi Mohammed / Antonio Turkoglu
Date: 29.11.17 – 14.12.17	Location: Sir George Monoux sixth form college

S.B.Shot #	Angle	Movement	Notes
1. Interview	Over the shoulder	Still	The camera will show both people speaking showing the audience that a conversation is occurring and showing them the emotions on their faces and body language.
2. Interview	Close up	Still	The camera will only be facing the interviewer so the audience can analyse their emotions.
3. Sir George Monoux	Establishing shot	Pan/ Zoom in	The establishing shot allows the audience to know where the scenes are being placed.
4. Canteen	Long shot	Pan	Allows the audience to see how the character acts when she’s with her friends
5. Canteen	Mid shot	Close up	They will be able to see how she is hiding her true feelings.
6. Corridors	Long shot	Still	Change of scenes and area.
7. “Living” room	Long shot	Still	The audience will be able to see how all the characters present react to the main character and how they are treated helping the audience have a better understanding on how the character is neglected and why.
8. Introducing a new character (Playground/ The Quad)	Long shot	Zoom from mid shot to close shot	Showing everyones facial and body expressions.
9. Streets	Long shot	Mid shot	Change of locations
10. Entering Abdis house	Establishing shot	Still	Showing the audience that the location has changed.
11. Living room	Long shot	Still	Showing that Abdi and his sister are neglected at home so that even though he is bullied at school life at home isn’t so great either.

Risk assessment- Teenaged pregnancy

Risk Assessment

Production Title: Report based on Teenage neglect// Unit 1

Director: Blessing Anakambi

Crew: Blessing Anakambi, Hosai Zazai, Antonio Turkoglu, Yrena Djouk, Abdi Mohammed, Godly Keto, Victoria Kwadjosse, Maria Da Silva

Address of shoot: 190 Chingford Road, London E17 5AA

Date: 29.11.17 / 30.11.17 / 6.12.17 / 7.12.17 / 13.12.17 / 14.12.17

The following potential risks / hazards might be present:

Tripping hazards     low lighting          adverse weather / temperatures      

Electrical cords and sockets    Fatigue  

Risk / Hazard identified	People affected	Existing controls	Action to be taken to reduce risk or hazard
Tripping hazards	Crew/Director	Safety first.	Cables will be taped to the ground and out of sight to anyone that it may harm.
Low lighting	Actors	There will be artificial lighting placed on the set and we will use natural lighting when outside therefore we will be filming during the day.	The footage may not be seen due to low lighting therefore we will make sure that we use artificial lighting and make sure that we film during 1pm-5pm to ensure there is natural lighting considering the season.
Adverse weather/temperatures (can ruin video and equipment)	Crew/Director/ Actors	Weather news.	We will check the weather before stepping out to begin filming just in case there are any signs of a storm or rain.
Electrical cords and sockets	Everybody that is involved in the production of the video	--------------------------------	As there can be a power cut or someone could harm themselves by getting an electric shock we will have attire that is suitable for the energy running in the electrical cords and sockets and make sure that the weather is suitable as power cuts can be caused by weather.
Fatigue	Crew/Director/Actors	Set times for them to sleep	Everyone will have a set time to sleep to make sure they get at least a 12hour sleep before filming so they have enough energy for the next day.